The data / Story 01
Story 01 · The data
What are you looking at, Bobo? The data
The story rests on five small datasets: one interview timed second by second, the match’s disciplinary record, the design of Bandura’s 1961 experiment, and what the children copied in 1961 and 1965. Here is each one, where it came from, and how sure we are of it.
5datasets
127rows in all
6sources
3figures still being checked
The numbers in the story
And which dataset each comes from
5.6%of the interview went viral: 5 seconds out of 90From the interview, second by second
18yellow cards and one red, a World Cup recordFrom the match’s cards
72children aged 3 to 5 in Bandura’s 1961 studyFrom Bandura’s study design
38.5aggressive acts copied, on average, by boys who watched a man attack the dollFrom what the children copied, 1961
Dataset 1 of 5
90 rows · 4 columns
The interview, second by second
One row for each second of Messi’s post-match interview. The first five seconds are the outburst that went viral; the other 85 are match analysis.
- Source
- TyC Sports broadcast, 9 December 2022
- Collected by
- The Replay Lab, timing one edit of the broadcast
- How exact
- Approximate. Different edits run to different lengths, so 5.6% is only as exact as the two timings behind it.
- Used for
- The seconds chart and the 5.6% figure
Download CSVinterview-seconds.csv
Show the whole file
second,start_s,end_s,segment 1,0,1,outburst 2,1,2,outburst 3,2,3,outburst 4,3,4,outburst 5,4,5,outburst 6,5,6,match analysis 7,6,7,match analysis 8,7,8,match analysis 9,8,9,match analysis 10,9,10,match analysis 11,10,11,match analysis 12,11,12,match analysis 13,12,13,match analysis 14,13,14,match analysis 15,14,15,match analysis 16,15,16,match analysis 17,16,17,match analysis 18,17,18,match analysis 19,18,19,match analysis 20,19,20,match analysis 21,20,21,match analysis 22,21,22,match analysis 23,22,23,match analysis 24,23,24,match analysis 25,24,25,match analysis 26,25,26,match analysis 27,26,27,match analysis 28,27,28,match analysis 29,28,29,match analysis 30,29,30,match analysis 31,30,31,match analysis 32,31,32,match analysis 33,32,33,match analysis 34,33,34,match analysis 35,34,35,match analysis 36,35,36,match analysis 37,36,37,match analysis 38,37,38,match analysis 39,38,39,match analysis 40,39,40,match analysis 41,40,41,match analysis 42,41,42,match analysis 43,42,43,match analysis 44,43,44,match analysis 45,44,45,match analysis 46,45,46,match analysis 47,46,47,match analysis 48,47,48,match analysis 49,48,49,match analysis 50,49,50,match analysis 51,50,51,match analysis 52,51,52,match analysis 53,52,53,match analysis 54,53,54,match analysis 55,54,55,match analysis 56,55,56,match analysis 57,56,57,match analysis 58,57,58,match analysis 59,58,59,match analysis 60,59,60,match analysis 61,60,61,match analysis 62,61,62,match analysis 63,62,63,match analysis 64,63,64,match analysis 65,64,65,match analysis 66,65,66,match analysis 67,66,67,match analysis 68,67,68,match analysis 69,68,69,match analysis 70,69,70,match analysis 71,70,71,match analysis 72,71,72,match analysis 73,72,73,match analysis 74,73,74,match analysis 75,74,75,match analysis 76,75,76,match analysis 77,76,77,match analysis 78,77,78,match analysis 79,78,79,match analysis 80,79,80,match analysis 81,80,81,match analysis 82,81,82,match analysis 83,82,83,match analysis 84,83,84,match analysis 85,84,85,match analysis 86,85,86,match analysis 87,86,87,match analysis 88,87,88,match analysis 89,88,89,match analysis 90,89,90,match analysis
Five seconds out of ninety went viral
| second | start_s | end_s | segment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 1 | outburst |
| 2 | 1 | 2 | outburst |
| 3 | 2 | 3 | outburst |
| 4 | 3 | 4 | outburst |
| 5 | 4 | 5 | outburst |
| 6 | 5 | 6 | match analysis |
| 7 | 6 | 7 | match analysis |
| 8 | 7 | 8 | match analysis |
First 8 of 90 rows. The outburst rows are in red.
Dataset 2 of 5
6 rows · 4 columns
The match, Argentina v Netherlands
The facts about the match that the story leans on, each with its source and how far it has been checked.
- Sources
- FIFA for the date; Buenos Aires Times for the cards
- How exact
- The 18 yellow cards are confirmed. The red card still needs a source.
- Used for
- The “18 yellow cards and one red” figure
Download CSVmatch-discipline.csv
Show the whole file
measure,value,source,status match,"Argentina v Netherlands (World Cup quarter-final)",FIFA,confirmed date,2022-12-09,FIFA,confirmed yellow_cards,18,Buenos Aires Times,"confirmed (World Cup record)" red_cards,1,,being checked interview_length_s,90,TyC Sports broadcast (timed by The Replay Lab),approximate outburst_length_s,5,TyC Sports broadcast (timed by The Replay Lab),approximate
| measure | value | source | status |
|---|---|---|---|
| match | Argentina v Netherlands (World Cup quarter-final) | FIFA | confirmed |
| date | 2022-12-09 | FIFA | confirmed |
| yellow_cards | 18 | Buenos Aires Times | confirmed (World Cup record) |
| red_cards | 1 | being checked | |
| interview_length_s | 90 | TyC Sports broadcast (timed by The Replay Lab) | approximate |
| outburst_length_s | 5 | TyC Sports broadcast (timed by The Replay Lab) | approximate |
Rows still being checked are in red.
Dataset 3 of 5
9 rows · 4 columns
Bandura’s Bobo doll study, 1961
How the 72 children were split between conditions. There were 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School, aged 37 to 69 months (mean 52 months).
- Source
- Bandura, A., Ross, D. and Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 575–582.
- How exact
- Checked against the original paper on 5 October 2026
- Used for
- The “72 children” figure and the For your exam box
- See also
- What the children copied, 1961
Download CSVbandura-1961-design.csv
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condition,model_sex,child_sex,n aggressive model,male,boys,6 aggressive model,male,girls,6 aggressive model,female,boys,6 aggressive model,female,girls,6 non-aggressive model,male,boys,6 non-aggressive model,male,girls,6 non-aggressive model,female,boys,6 non-aggressive model,female,girls,6 no model (control),none,boys and girls,24
Drawing: BDF
| condition | model_sex | child_sex | n |
|---|---|---|---|
| aggressive model | male | boys | 6 |
| aggressive model | male | girls | 6 |
| aggressive model | female | boys | 6 |
| aggressive model | female | girls | 6 |
| non-aggressive model | male | boys | 6 |
| non-aggressive model | male | girls | 6 |
| non-aggressive model | female | boys | 6 |
| non-aggressive model | female | girls | 6 |
| no model (control) | none | boys and girls | 24 |
Eight experimental groups of six, plus a control group of 24.
Dataset 4 of 5
10 rows · 7 columns
What the children copied, 1961
The average number of the adult’s aggressive acts each group copied during 20 minutes with the Bobo doll: hitting the doll with the mallet, kicking it, sitting on it and punching it on the nose (physical), and the adult’s phrases such as “Pow” and “Sock him in the nose” (verbal).
- Source
- Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961), Table 1. The total is our sum of the physical and verbal columns.
- How exact
- Copied from Table 1 of the original paper on 10 October 2026
- Used for
- The colour of the 1961 dots in the story
Download CSVbandura-1961-scores.csv
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condition,model_sex,child_sex,n,imitative_physical,imitative_verbal,imitative_total aggressive model,female,girls,6,5.5,13.7,19.2 aggressive model,male,girls,6,7.2,2.0,9.2 aggressive model,female,boys,6,12.4,4.3,16.7 aggressive model,male,boys,6,25.8,12.7,38.5 non-aggressive model,female,girls,6,2.5,0.3,2.8 non-aggressive model,male,girls,6,0.0,0.0,0.0 non-aggressive model,female,boys,6,0.2,1.1,1.3 non-aggressive model,male,boys,6,1.5,0.0,1.5 no model (control),none,girls,12,1.2,0.7,1.9 no model (control),none,boys,12,2.0,1.7,3.7
| condition | model_sex | child_sex | n | imitative_physical | imitative_verbal | imitative_total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aggressive model | female | girls | 6 | 5.5 | 13.7 | 19.2 |
| aggressive model | male | girls | 6 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 9.2 |
| aggressive model | female | boys | 6 | 12.4 | 4.3 | 16.7 |
| aggressive model | male | boys | 6 | 25.8 | 12.7 | 38.5 |
| non-aggressive model | female | girls | 6 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.8 |
| non-aggressive model | male | girls | 6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| non-aggressive model | female | boys | 6 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
| non-aggressive model | male | boys | 6 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| no model (control) | none | girls | 12 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
| no model (control) | none | boys | 12 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 3.7 |
Rows for the children who watched the aggressive adult are in red. Boys who watched a man copied the most.
Dataset 5 of 5
12 rows · 6 columns
What the children copied, 1965
66 children (33 boys, 33 girls, aged 42 to 71 months) watched a film of an adult attacking a Bobo doll, with one of three endings. The figures are the average number of the adult’s actions each group copied, first with no reward on offer, then when every child was offered a reward to show what the adult had done.
- Source
- Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(6), 589–595.
- How exact
- Approximate. The paper gives these averages as a chart, not a table. Values are rounded to the nearest 0.5 and are being checked against the original.
- Used for
- The colour of the 1965 dots in the story
Download CSVbandura-1965-scores.csv
Show the whole file
ending,child_sex,n,phase,mean_actions_copied,status model rewarded,girls,11,no incentive,1.5,approximate model rewarded,boys,11,no incentive,3.5,approximate model told off,girls,11,no incentive,0.5,approximate model told off,boys,11,no incentive,2.5,approximate no consequences,girls,11,no incentive,1.5,approximate no consequences,boys,11,no incentive,3.5,approximate model rewarded,girls,11,reward offered,3.0,approximate model rewarded,boys,11,reward offered,4.0,approximate model told off,girls,11,reward offered,3.0,approximate model told off,boys,11,reward offered,4.0,approximate no consequences,girls,11,reward offered,3.0,approximate no consequences,boys,11,reward offered,4.0,approximate
| ending | child_sex | n | phase | mean_actions_copied | status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| model rewarded | girls | 11 | no incentive | 1.5 | approximate |
| model rewarded | boys | 11 | no incentive | 3.5 | approximate |
| model told off | girls | 11 | no incentive | 0.5 | approximate |
| model told off | boys | 11 | no incentive | 2.5 | approximate |
| no consequences | girls | 11 | no incentive | 1.5 | approximate |
| no consequences | boys | 11 | no incentive | 3.5 | approximate |
| model rewarded | girls | 11 | reward offered | 3.0 | approximate |
| model rewarded | boys | 11 | reward offered | 4.0 | approximate |
| model told off | girls | 11 | reward offered | 3.0 | approximate |
| model told off | boys | 11 | reward offered | 4.0 | approximate |
| no consequences | girls | 11 | reward offered | 3.0 | approximate |
| no consequences | boys | 11 | reward offered | 4.0 | approximate |
The told-off rows are in red: lowest with no reward on offer, level with the others once it was.
What we are still checking
Updated 10 October 2026
- CheckingThe red card. We believe it was shown to Denzel Dumfries after the shoot-out, and are looking for a match report that confirms it.
- Checking“Argentina led 2–0.” To be confirmed against FIFA’s match report.
- CheckingBandura (1965) group averages. The paper shows them as a chart; ours are rounded to the nearest 0.5 and still to be checked against the original.
- ApproximateThe 5-second and 90-second timings, and so the 5.6% figure, come from one edit of the broadcast.
- Confirmed18 yellow cards, a World Cup record (Buenos Aires Times).
- ConfirmedBandura (1961): 72 children aged 3 to 5, watched through a one-way mirror, and the group averages in Table 1 (the original paper).